This study highlights the vital role older male elephants play in maintaining healthy elephant populations. Research in Amboseli National Park shows that bulls over 40, especially those in musth—a natural period of heightened testosterone and dominance—are the primary sires of calves. Younger males contribute far less to reproduction. Musth not only signals reproductive readiness but also helps regulate breeding by reinforcing social hierarchies. The findings underscore that conservation must prioritize the protection of mature bulls, which are often targeted by poachers and trophy bans. Removing these key individuals can disrupt breeding patterns, reduce genetic diversity and destabilize herd dynamics. Pro-hunting conservationists argue this supports regulated hunting models that protect essential breeders while allowing limited, science-based harvests. Sound management requires understanding social and reproductive structures—not just population counts. Long-term monitoring and targeted protection of dominant males are critical for sustainable elephant conservation.
